ЛЕНТА ИСТОРИИ

2,6 m – 800k years BC – Olduwan culture is on the territory of Kazakhstan

800k – 140k years BC – Acheulean culture is on the territory of Kazakhstan

140k – 40k years BC – Mousterian culture is on the territory of Kazakhstan

50-45k years BC – The time of modern humans’ appearance on the territory of Kazakhstan

40-10k years BC – Late Paleolithic era is on the territory of Kazakhstan

10-5k years BC – Mesolithic era is on the territory of Kazakhstan

5-4k BC – Neolith is on the territory of Kazakhstan

4-3k years BC – Eneolithic era (Copper Stone Age) is on the territory of Kazakhstan

3700-3100 years BC – Botay culture

1800-900 years BC – The Bronze Age is on the territory of Kazakhstan

70s of 7th century – beg. of 6th century BC - domination of the Scythians (Sakas) in Asia Minor

605-545 years BC - lifetime of Anacharsis, the Scythian king's son and one of the seven sages of antiquity

530 year BC - defeat of the Persian king Cyrus by Massaget queen Tomiris

519 year BC - Persian king’s Darius campaign against Central Asian Saks

512 year BC – Persian king’s Darius campaign against Black Sea Scythians (Saka-paradraya)

6-5 centuries BC - burial time of "Golden Man", belonging to Saks Tigrahauda ("wearing pointed hats")

4th century BC – 4th century AD - The existence of Sarmatian tribes Union

209-174 years BC - rule of Hun shanyu Modu

174-161 years BC - rule of Hun shanyu Laoshan

161-126 years BC – rule of Hun shanyu Tszyunchen

160 year BC - Resettlement of Usuns in Semirechie

2nd century BC-4th century AD – State of Kanguy

58-36 years BC – Civil war among the Huns

58-36 years BC – Civil war among the Huns.

52 year BC - adoption of the southern Hunnu nationality of China

52 year BC - adoption of the southern Hunnu nationality of China.

10 year AD – Huns’ restoration of independence from China

48 year AD - re-adoption of southern Huns the nationality of China.

93-155 years - Retreat of the northern Huns to West in Jungaria

2nd century AD – 469 year – Existence of Hun’s State

Huns - a union of tribes formed in II-IV centuries in the Ural region of Turkic Huns, moved in II century from Central Asia, and local ugrov and Sarmatians, they invaded in the 70s in the IV century AD in Eastern Europe. Huns created a vast empire from the Volga to the Rhine.

160-490 years – Yueban, state of "impotent" Huns

Yueban - ancient state of Hun people (one of the branches) in the south central part of modern Kazakhstan. After continuous wars with the Chinese, from the Huns, repressed for Tarbagatai probably through Dzungarian Gate

4th century AD-555 year The Existence of Rouran Khaganate

Union of Mongolian nomadic peoples. Founder of Rouran Khaganate was Yuytszyulyuy Mugulyuy. According to Chinese sources, Yuytszyulyuy Mugulyuy was a slave of unknown origin.

434-453 years – rule years of Hun’s Chief Attila

Attila was born in about 410’s; his father Mundzuk in 420 years fought the Burgundians on the Rhine. Attila was the leader of the Huns from 434 to 453 a year. He united under his rule the barbarian tribes from the Rhine to the Northern Black Sea.

490-540 years - Gaogyuy. Ancient state in eastern Kazakhstan

Gaoguy was formed as a result of the defeat of the state Yueban in 490 and the time when telesskih tribes came to the region. The Gaogyuy structure consisted of 12 clans: Lifuli, Tula, Ichzhan, Dalian, Kuhe, Dabo, Alun, Moyun, Syfan, Fufolo, Tsiyuan, Yushupey (Yukuanpey).

545 year – Rebellion of Tiele against Rourans.

By 545, the rule of Rourans repeled almost all subjects, among which were the Tiele tribes and ancient Turks. Tiele’s tribal leader did not want to obey Bumyn, founder of the Turkic Khanate.

Turkic Khaganate (552-603 years)

552-603 years - Turkic Khagnate (Kektyurk - Celestial Turks) - the largest state in the early medieval Eurasia, created by the ancient Turks, led by the rulers of the genus Ashin.

552 year – the rule of Bumyn-kagan

In 545 year Tiele tribes rebelled against Rourans again and the new Turkic state was headed by governor of Turks-Ashin Bumyn.

552-553 years – the rule of Kara Issyk-kagan

After the death of Bumyn Kagan his son Kara Issyk-Kagan comes to the throne. He finally defeated Rourans and strengthened the power of the Turks in the steppes.

553-572 years – the rule of Mukan-kagan

554-558 years Turks crusade to the West

On behalf of Mukan-Kagan his uncle Istemi led a large army consisting of 10 Turkish tumens, went to the west in the spring of the year 554. Usuns weakened by Rourans raids did not resist and already in 555 without encountering serious resistance along the way, yabgu reached the Aral Sea, conquered all the tribes and the states on his path.

563-567 years – the War of Turks and Ephtalites

In 562 year, the armies of shakhinshakh Khosrow Anushirwan inflicted defeat to Ephtalites and took Tocharistan. After this Turks struck and conquered Chach.

567 year – Maniah embassy to Byzantium

When dividing former possessions of Ephtalites Turks got Sughd. Sogdians - one of the main actors in Asian trade - were obliged to Turks by termination of Rourans robberies and Ethtalitian wars.

568 year – Zemarh embassy to Turkic Khaganate

Istemi took Zemarh in his summer residence in the north of the mountains Aktag, i.e. the Tien Shan, in the Valley of Yolduz River, northwest of Karashahr.

572-576 years – the rule of Taspar-kagan

Taspar was the third son of Bumyn-Kagan. He ascended the throne, put Taspar corulers ("small Kagans"): nephew Shetu (son of Kara Issyk Khan) appointed Erfu Khan, i.e. the ruler of the eastern domains, and brother Zhutan Khan - in the west, with the title Bouley Khan.

576 year – death of Istemi, brother of Bumyn and de facto ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate

581 year – beginning of crisis in Khaganate

After the death of Taspara there was a crisis caused by the lack of a clear line of succession. Before his death, bequeathed Taspar left the throne to Toremen.

599-603 years - split and collapse of the Turkic Khaganate

West Kara-Churin Kagan and East Zhangara Kagan. In 597 the Turkic Kagan Yong-Ulugh asked for help from Kara Churin, as the Chinese have decided to make Khan Zhangara Kagan and they already lured to his side many Turks. This year Kara Churin broke the Volga tribes and troops began to move east.

603-630 years – Eastern Turkic Khaganate

The power of Turkic state soon deteriorated. There is a weakening of the Turkic Khaganate, which became the main manifestations of civil wars strengthening, aggravation of social contradictions, the offensive on the Khaganate border by China, wars with neighboring countries. In the year 603 there was a collapse of the Turkic Khaganate on Western Turk Empire and the Eastern Turkic Khaganate.

603-704 years – Western Turkic Khaganate

In the year 603 there was a collapse of the Turkic khaganate into the West and East. The boundaries of the Western Turkic Khaganate ranged from the Sea of Azov and the Don to the eastern spurs of the Tian Shan and north-eastern India.

610-618 years – the rule of Western Turkic Sheguy-Kagan

Sheguy, son of Young-Souh-tegin, grandson of Kara Churin Turk was Kagan of Western Turkic Khaganate since 611-612 years till 618 year. In 598, the Kara-CHurin Turk put his grandson Sheguy to rule in Shash, in what is now Tashkent. After fleeing of Taman Kagan, he was elected as Khan of nushibi tribes. In the case of Sheguya rule there were periodic collisions with Shibir Khan Turk-Shad - Eastern Kagan.

618-630 years – the rule of Eastern Turkic Tone-dzhabgu kagan

Tone Dzhabgu - son of Young-Souh-tegin, son of Kara Churin Turk. His reign is considered to be the heyday of the Western Turkic Khaganate. In 619, he conquered the tribes of Kibi and Seyanto. After that, he conquered the Eastern Turkestan, Samarkand and the boarders of his state reached the territory of present-day Pakistan.

632-671 years – Bulgar Khaganate

Short-term unification of Bulgar Turkic tribes (632-671 years), which arose in the steppes of Eastern Europe soon after the unrest in Western Turkic Khaganate and weakening of Avarians. The main area was located in the Black Sea and Azov steppes. Basis of the union was Bulgar tribe Kutrigurs.

634-639, administrative reform of Yshbar Khilash-Khagan

In 634, Yshbar Khilash-Khagan came to power. At the very beginning of his reign he was forced to start the management reform in his Khaganate. He made an attempt to revive the effectiveness of the military-administrative system of “ten arrows”.

646-727, Tonyukuk, the political and military figure of the Second Turic Khaganate

According to Tonyukuk, he got an education “under the influence of Chinese culture”. During the period of the restoration of independence of the ancient Turks, he was the closest advisor and associate of Kutlug, who took the title of Ilterish Khagan. Tonyukluk was the initiator of an active an aggressive foreign policy.

650-969- The Khazar Khaganate

The Khazar Khaganate was founded by the Khazars, led by a Prince from Ashin Family. The Khaganate controlled the territory of the Ciscaucasia, lower and middle reaches of the Volga River, modern North West Kazakhstan, the Azov Sea region, eastern part of the Crimea, and also steppes and forests of Eastern Europe up to the Dnieper River.

657, the Western Turkic Khaganate was captured by the Chinese troops and divided into two parts

After the death of Yshbar Khilash-Khagan, the 16-year tribal war began between groups of the Dulu and Nushibi; it weakened the Western Turkic Khaganate. Weakening of the Western Turkic Khanagate in the middle of the 7th, century led to China’s invasion to the territory of the Zhetysu. In 657

682-745, the Second Turkic Khaganate

In 679, the Turkic tribes that settled in the Empire of Tang after the ruination of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, organized a revolt in order to recreate the Khaganate. The mutiny was raised by the Turks of the Ashide tribe and was led by Ashide Yuanczhen.

685-731, Kul-tegin

Kul-tegin was the younger brother of Bilge-Khagan. He was famous as the participant of numerous military campaigns which secured supremacy of the Turks in Central Asia.

704-756, The Turgesh Khaganate

The Turgesh Khaganate was a medieval Turkic state on the territory of Kazakhstan. It ranged from Tashkent to Turfan and Beshbalyk. The state’s capital was Suyab.

705, beginning of conquest of Central Asia by the Arabs

Arab tribes that lived in the Arabian Peninsula from the 3rd millennium BC were consolidated into a single state by Prophet Muhammad, who became the founder of a new religion – Islam.

715-738, the rule of the Turgesh Suluk-Khagan

The spread of the Arab influence that started in 711 (after the defeat of the Turgeshs from the Eastern Turks) was again stopped by the Turgeshs led by Suluk, who in 715 freed Fergana of invaders.

745-840, the Uyghur Khaganate

n 742, a coalition of the Basmaly, the Karluks, and the Uyghurs defeated the Turks. A clash between this coalition and the Turks lasted from 742 to 745. Also, there was a struggle within the coalition, from which the winners were the Uyghurs.

746, migration of the Karluks to the Zhetysu

In 746, after losing to the Uyghurs in the war of succession of the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Karluks moved to the Zhetysu and Jungaria.

751, battle on the Talas River

During the period of relocation of the Karluks to the Zhetysu and the Tien-Shan Mountains, the situation there remained tense. The Arabs managed to complete the conquest of Sogd, crush the resistance of Samarkand, Tashkent and Otrar and by 738, to establish firm borders with the Turgeshs.

756-940, the Karluk Khaganate

The Karluk Khaganate was the Turkic state which occupied the territory from the Jungar Alatau to the middle reaches of the Syradya River, between the Balkhash and Issyk-Kul Lakes.

840, Defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate by the Yenisei Kyrgyzs

In 839, a nobleman Kyulyug-beg relying on the Shato people, attacked Karakoram. The Khan committed suicide and the noblemen who supported the uprising, declared a little Kesi-tegin as a Khan.

840, The Karluk rulera take the title of a Khagan

The tribes of the Chigili and Yagma, as well as on of the Turgesh tribes – Tuhsi – and the remaining Orkhon Turkic peoples entered into the Karluk tribal Union. The history of all these tribes, starting with the 9th century, is inseparable. One of the KaraKhanid legends tells that the first sovereign of a KaraKhanid.

840-920, Kyrgyz Khaganate

The Kyrgyz Khaganate is an early medieval Turkic State in Central Asia and Southern Siberia led by the Yenisei Kyrgyzs. In the 6th-7th centuries the Kyrgyzs together with the Taiga people under their power, formed the peripheral area of the Central Asian states that was headed by the Governor – Elteber.

The 9th century – 1043, The Oghuz State

Originally the Oghuz roamed in the Zhetysu. Rotated off by the Karluks, the Oghuz migrated to the middle reaches of the Syrdarya River where they began fighting over land with the Kangards (Pechenegs-Bajanaks). Later they moved from the Syrdarya River to the Volga River and were scattered on the banks of Irgiz, Ural, Emba, Uiyl rivers and also in the foothills of the Alatau Mountains.

The 9th century – first half of the 11th century, State of the Kimeks

State of the Kimeks is an early medieval state on the territory of modern Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia. The state stretched from the Irtysh River in the East to the Ural Mountains in the West. The main part of population was the Kimiks who lived in the eastern lands of the Empire; the lands closer to the Ural Mountains were populated by the Kipchaks regarded as the western branch of the Kimeks.

847-1036, The Uyghur State in Gansu

The history of the Gansu Uyghurs can be divided into three stages: 1) 841-862, the Uyghurs penetrated into the territory of modern Gansu province when they have been dependent on the Tibetans and even participated in the military operations of the Tibetans;

847-1368, The Turfan State of the Uyghurs

The Turfan State of the Uyghurs is a medieval Turkic State in the Northern part of the East Turkestan that was ruled by the dynasty of the Uyghur idykouts (‘a ruler’). This state was formed upon the breakup of the Uyghyr Khaganate. Pan Tekin is considered as the first idykout of Turfan.

870-950, Abu Nasr al-Farabi

Al-Farbai was born in 870, in the ancient city of Otrar; the Arabs called this city Barfa or Farab that was situated on the banks of the Arys River. Hence his name is translated as Abu Nasr of Farab. The current location of the city is the territory of Shaulder area in the South Kazakhstan region.

907-1125, the Lyao state of the Kidans

The Lyao state of the Kidans was the early medieval state that existed on the territory of the modern North-West China from the moment of foundation by the tribal leader Abaoczy in 907 till the uprising of the Jurchens in 1125. In 906, the Lyao state attacked the Bokhay state.

942-1212, The KaraKhanid state

The KaraKhanid state is an early medieval Turkic formation that existed on the territories of the South Kazakhstan, the East Turkestan, and Central Asia. The power in the KaraKhanid state was divided between two tribal groups that were the core of the Karluk tribal unity in the 9th century – the Chigils and the Yagma.

960, Declaration of Islam as the State religion of the Karakhanids

The most important even of the time of early Karakhanids was conversion to Islam by the dynasty and dependent tribes. In the 10th century there have been striking changes. The Arab geographer ibn Haukal reported on the adoption of Islam by thousand families of Turks, roaming in the region

965, Military alliance of the Oghuz with the Kiev Prince Svyatoslav

The Oghuzs have played an important role in the political life of Eurasia. In the 11th century, the Oghuz started to advance to Iran and the Near East. This movement was led by the heads of the Kanyk tribe Torgul-bek and Chagry-bek who were grandchildren of Seljuq;

965-1036, the Pechenegs

The Pechenegs is the Russian exoethnonim of the Kangar (the Kangly) people who are named in the Arab sources as the Bajanak.

985, Campaign of the Prince Vladimir in alliance with the Oghuz to the Volga Bulgaria

In 985, in alliance with the Oghuzs, Prince Vladimir was at war with the Volga Bulgars who first took the land of Cumans, and then began the territorial expansion. In foreign policy,

1055, emergence of Kipchaks on the borders of Kievan Rus

From the second half of the 11th century and until the beginning of the 12th century, the Western Kipchaks (Cumans) have been repeatedly attacking Southern Rus.

The 11th century - 1220s, Dasht-I-Kipchak

Until the mid-11th century, the Kipchaks were part of the Kimek tribal alliance. In the middle of the 11th century, they separated from the alliance and headed expansion of Turkic tribes in the territories of the Oghuzs, the Kimeks, and the Cumans. Around 1030, the Kipchaks have reached the borders of Horesm.

1091, battle of Levounion

In 1090, Pechenegs tribes (Greeks called them Skiffs) invaded the Balkan possessions of the Byzantine Empire, and by the year 1091 came to the walls of Constantinople. Byzantine’s positions were complicated by the fact that the Pechenegs were in alliance with the Seljuq fleet of Chah pirate.

1092-1220, State of Horesmshakhs

State of Horesmshakhs situated in the lower reaches of the Amudarya River. Starting from 1092, Horesmshakhs were considering themselves as vassals to Seljuqs. In 1097, the mayor of Horesm Akinji ibn Kochkar of Turkic origin announced independence from Seljuqs and declared himself a Shah of Horesm (‘Horesmshakh’ or head of the state). The same year he was assassinated.

1125-1211, the Karakitai state

The Karakitai state was an early medieval state that existed in Middle and Central Asia in 1125-1218. It was founded by the Kidan Prince Elui Dashi after the fall of Lyao Empire. Th capital of the state was the city of Balasagun on the banks of the Chu River.

9th September 1141, battle of the Valley near Katvan

In 1141, a head of the Seljuq dynasty Sanjar started a campaign in alliance with Karakhanids against Karakitais and their allies Karluks; they met near Samarkand.

1162-1227, Genghis Khan

Temujin was born at the Deluun Boldog Mountain on the banks of the river Onon in the family of Yesugei Baghatur of the Borjigin tribe and his wife Hoelun of the Olkhonut tribe. Year of Temujin’s birth remains still unclear, since the main sources point out at various dates – 1155, 1162, and 1167 – although conventional wisdom is the year 1162.

1184-1227, Jochi

Jochi was the eldest son of Genghis Khan and his first wife Borte of the Ungirat tribe (Konyrat). He was a commander who participated in the conquest of Central Asia and led a detachment in the lower reaches of Syrdarya River.

1007-1203, the Kereit state

The Kereit state was a country of the Kereits who lived in the modern territories of Transbaikalia and Mongolia in the 10-13th centuries. They had their own religion – Nestorianism.

11th century-1206, the Naiman Khanate

In the 11-12th centuries, the Naiman Khanate was a major Central Asian state association. The Naimans were one of the most powerful nomadic tribes of Mongolia. Their territory extended from the rivers of Tamir and Orkhon to Irtysh River. The Naiman state occupied the lands to the West of Kereits in the modern Western Mongolia and Eastern Kazakhstan.

1206-1227, the rule of Genghis Khan

In the spring of 1206, at the river-head of Onon at kuriltay, Temujin was proclaimed as a Great Khan of all tribes and received the title of “Genghis Khan”. In 1207-1211, the Mongols conquered lands of forest tribes, i.e. conquered almost all of the major tribes and peoples of Siberia and the latters were forced to pay a tribute to the formers. Then Genghis Khan stepped against the Tangut Xi Xia State.

1209-1255, Batu

Batu was son of Jochi. According to the division by Genghis Khan in 1124, the eldest son of Jochi, Batu, was given the Kipchak steppes, Horesm, and also Jochi was obliged to conquer the western part of the Dasht-I-Kipchak, Caucasus, Crimea and Rus. Jochi died in 1227 owning only the Asian part of the Kipchak steppes and Horesm. Batu has been active on the political scene since 1230s.

1210, defeat of the Karakitais by the Horesmshakh

In 1210, Mohammed Horesmshakh started a strong resistance relying on support of Muslim Karakitais who considered him as a liberator. In September 1210, at battle of Ilamish on the Syrdarya River, the Karakitais troops were defeated. In the Muslim world the victory of Muhammad

1211-1218, rule of Kuchluk in the Zhetysu

After the defeat from the Mongols, Kuchluk managed to escape to the Zhetysu to the Karakidan’s Gurkhan – Elui Czhulh. The Gurkhan received Kuchluk graciously and married his daughter to him. After defeat of Karakitais from the Horesmshakh, Kuchluk did not come to the rescue of Czhulh but instead captured his Treasury and tried to capture him. However, in the battle near Balasagun Kuchluk has been defeated.

1219-1224, the conquest of Kazakhstan and Central Asia by theMongols

Genghis Khan agreed with the Horesmshakh on the good trade relations. Soon, Genghis Khan sent his first merchants to the state of Horesmshakh. Accused of spying, they were captured and killed by Inalchik Kair Khan, the Governor of Otrar, who was a cousin of Terken-hatun.

1219-1220, the siege and destruction of Otrar

The first blows of the Mongols had been inflicted on cities of Syrdarya River basin. In September of 1219, part of the Mongol army led by Chagatai, Ogodei and Subedei, laid siege of the city of Otrar – one of the major centers of Turkestan. Two months after the start of the siege the Mongols were able to cut off the source of drinking water. Soon, food stocks were exhausted in Otrar.

1220, the siege and capture of Syganak

Other cities of Turkestan were conquered by Jochi Khan subsequently – Syganak, Uzgend, Barchynkent, Ashnas, Jend, Yangikent, and others. Jochi’s troops, who carried out raids on the Syrdarya River, arrived to Syganak in the spring of 1220; Jochi began negotiations with the city’s residents.

1220-1224, the Reid of Jebe and Subutai

In 1220, Genghis Khan allocated three tumens (30 thousand people) to chase after Mohammed Horesmshakh; after the death of the latter, he organized a campaign against states of the Caucasus and the Kipchaks. At the beginning of the campaign to the Caucasus, there were 2 tumens (20 thousand people) led by Subutai and Jebe.

1223, battle on the Kalka River

At the beginning of 1223, the Prince Congress was convened in Kiev; it decided that the forces of Kiev, Galich, Chernigov, Seversk, Smolensk, and Volyn principalities should support the Kipchaks and Kotyan-Khan against the troops of Jebe and Subutai.

1124-1503, the Ulus of Jochi

History of creation of the Ulus of Jochi began in 1207. According to the “Innermost legend”, in this year Jochi led a campaign for which he got the conquered lands. According to the medieval Mongolian hereditary right, eldest sons were getting the most distant possessions during the lifetime of their father, while the younger children were getting lands of “indigenous yurt”. Jochi conquered the most remote lands.

1227, Jochi’s death

In the last years of his life, Jochi had a very strained relationship with his father. The reason for this was not performing orders of Genghis Khan. Father ordered him to conquer territory in the West at the time when Jochi did nothing.

1227-1250s, a joint ruling of Batu and Orda-Edjen in the Ulus of Jochi

After the death of Jochi, his two sons Batu and Orda-Edjen were called to Khagan where they were appointed as co-rulers of their father’s territory. This joint ruling continued until the deal of Orda-Edjen. Although after the Western campaign of Mongos Orda-Edjen had much less of subservient territories and armies.

1227-1229, the Regency of Tolui, son of Genghis Khan

Tolui was the fourth son of Genghis Khan and Borte. After the death of Genghis Khan, Tolui inherited the native lands of his father and got in control all armies of the latter until a khuriltai would select a Khan of the Mongol Empire to whom Tolui would be obliged to pass on all troops.

1229-1241, the rule of Ogodei

Ogodei was the third son of Genghis Khan and Borte. He continued father’s aggressive expansion of the territories. Just upon taking the throne, Ogodei sent two detachments of thirty thousand troops each to Iran and Nothern Caspian territories to conquer the peoples living there.

1236-1242, the Western Campaign of the Mongols

In 1235, on a khuriltai Ogodei initiated the Western Campaign for conquering the Kipchaks and their allies. The following groups took part in the campaign: children of Jochi – Batu, Orda-Edjen, Shiban, and Berke; Chagatai’s son Baidar and Chagatai’s grandson Buri; Ogodei’s children Guyuk and Kadan; children of Tolui Mengu and Buchek and also the youngest son of Genghis Khan Kulkan; generals Subutai and Burundai.

1241-1246, the Regency of Torakina, Ogodei’s widow

Tarakina was the second wife of Ogedei and mother of Guyuk. She was a regent in the period between reigns of Ogodei and Guyuk. Tarakina was a granddaughter of the Merkit chieftain – Genghis Khan’s enemy.

11th April of 1241, the battle on the Shayo River

The battle on the Shayo River was between King Bela and Croatian Duke of Koloman on one side and the Mongolian troops led by Batu, Shiban, Kadan, and Subutai on the other side. Army of Hungarians had twice as many troops than the Mongol’s army.

1246-1248, the rule of Gayuk, son of Ogodei

Gayuk was elected as a Khagan in autumn of 1246. He cancelled all orders of his mother’s Regency times; he also executed Torakin’s henchmen Abd ar-Rahman and Fatima.

1248-1251, the Regency of Ogul-Gaimysh, Gayuk’s widow

Ogul-Gaimush was the wife of Gayuk and came from the Merkit tribe. After the death of Gayuk in April 1248, Ogul-Gaimysh ordered to deliver a coffin with his body to the Emil River where his headquarters were located.

1251-1259, the rule of Mengu, Tolui’s son

At the beginning of 1251, descendants of Tolui backed by Joshi’s descendants organized a khuriltai in Karakorum; it was intended to proclaim Mengu as a Great Khan. Batu sent his brother Berke with the army in order to support Mengu. In addition, Mengu’s mother, Sorhahtani, has managed to attract Belgutei

1255-1256, the rule of Sartak in the Golden Orda

Sartak was son of Batu. He secretly professed Christianity. After the death of Batu in 1255, Sartak was appointed by Mengu as a ruler of the Ulus of Jochi. However, on the way home he was poisoned.

1256-1259, the rule of Ulagchi in the Golden Orda

Ulagchi was appointed by Mengu-Khagan as the ruler of the Ulus of Jochi. He was accompanied by Batu’s widow Borakchin as the Regent. In 1257.

1258, Burundai’s campaign against Poland and Lithuania

In 1256-1257, Burundai of the Kiyat tribe was appointed to replace Kuremsy on the western frontiers of the Ulus of Jochi. In 1258, the Lithuanians harried the principality of Smolensk and came to Torzhok without encountering resistance from Alexander Nevsky who was at that time in the Orda together with other Princes of North East Rus. Burundai told to Daniil about the campaign against Lithuania and ordered to join him.

1258, capture of Baghdad by the Mongols; collapse of the Abbasid dynasty

Prior to the siege of Baghdad, Hulagi conquered the Iranian Ismails-Nizarits (known as “assassins”) by taking the impregnable Alamut castle without a fight in 1256. Then, in 1257, Hulagu wended to Baghdad. Mengu ordered Hulagu to spare the Caliphate if it would reign to the Mongols.

1259-1262, absence of a ruler in the Golden Orda

In 1259, the Golden Orda actually came to the anarchy. This was due to the subsequent deaths of Ulagchi and Mengu. Hence, the political crises began in the Ulus of Jochi. A Khagan could not appoint the ruler of the Orda due to the fact that a Khagan himself had not been elected yet.

1260-1269, civil wars in the Mongol Empire

The disintegration of the Mongol Empire started in 1260. Starting from that year, the Mongol Empire has been torn apart by internecine wars. After the death of Mengu, a fight for supreme power between his brothers Kublai and Ariq Boke started.

1260, the battle at the Ain-Julat against the Egyptian Mamluks; defeat of Kit-Buqa-Noion

After the death of Mengu, Hulagu withdrew most of his forces to Iran, while a 10-thousand corps of the Mongols, under the leadership of Kit-Buqa, invaded Syria and captured Damascus.

1262-1266, the rule of Berke

Since the year of 1262, Berke was the ruler of the Ulus of Jochi; he was the son of Jochi and Sultan-hatun who was the daughter of Muhammad Horesmshakh. Since his childhood, Berke was brought up by his mother in the spirit of the Muslim religion.

1263, the battle on the Terek River

Due to the anarchy and lawlessness in the Ulus of Jochi, it was unclear who would be the ruler of the Ulus of Jochi after Ulagchi’s death. Borakchin, the former Regent during Ulagchi’s reign, sought to retain power by the enthronement of her grandson Tuda-Mengu; however Tuda-Mengu’s uncles (children and brothers of Batu) have not agreed to it. Borakchin fearing so much opposition has offered Hulagu to the throne of the Ulus of Jochi.

1266-1282, the rule of Mengu-Timur

After Berke, in 1266, Mengu-Timur came to power; he was the son of Tukan and the grandson of Batu. Mengu-Timur was a rightful heir of childless Berke. At the beginning of his reign, Mengu –Timur fought with rebels. Upon enthronement, Mengu-Timur granted the Ulus of Shiban to the latter’s son Bahadur; Crimea was given to Uran-Timur, son of Tuka-Timur.